-
1 Ravenscroft, George
[br]b. 1632 Alconbury, Huntingdonshire, Englandd. 7 June 1683 Barnet, Hertfordshire, England[br]English inventor of lead-crystal glass.[br]George's father James was a successful lawyer and merchant, engaging in overseas trade.A devout but necessarily circumspect Catholic, James sent his sons to the English College at Douai, now in northern France. Leaving there in 1651, George began to learn his father's business and spent some fifteen years in Venice. He took an increasingly important part in it, doubtless dealing in Venice's leading products of lace and glass. By 1666 he was back in England and, perhaps because the supply of Venetian glass was beginning to decline, he started to manufacture glass himself. In 1673 he set up a glassworks in the Savoy in London and succeeded so well that in the following year he petitioned the King for the grant of a patent to make glassware. This was granted on 16 May 1674, stimulating the Glass Sellers' Company to enter into an agreement with Ravenscroft to buy the glassware he produced. Later in 1674 the company allowed Ravenscroft to establish a second glasshouse at Henley-onThames. At first his ware was beset with "crizzling", i.e. numerous fine surface cracks. The Glass Sellers probably urged Ravenscroft to cure this defect, and this he achieved in 1675 by replacing crushed flint with increasing amounts of lead oxide, rising finally to a content of 30 per cent. He thereby obtained a relatively soft, heavy glass with high refractive index and dispersive power. This made it amenable to deep cutting, to produce the brilliant prismatic effects of cut glass. At about the same time, the Duke of Buckingham, a considerable promoter of the glass industry, agreed that Ravenscroft should manage his works at Vauxhall for the making of plate glass for mirrors. Ravenscroft terminated his agreement with the Glass Sellers in 1678, the date of the last evidence of his activities as a maker of crystal glass, and the patent expired in 1681. His new glass had immediately rivalled the best Venetian crystal glass and has been a valued product ever since.[br]Further ReadingR.F.Moody, 1988, The life of George Ravenscroft', Glass Technology 29 (1):198–210;Glass Technology 30(5):191–2 (additional notes on his life).LRD -
2 герцог Букингемский
1) Cinema: George Buckingham2) Mass media: George Buckingham \(the Duke\)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > герцог Букингемский
-
3 виндзорский герцог
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > виндзорский герцог
-
4 герцог
-
5 эрльский герцог
См. также в других словарях:
George Buckingham — Portrait, gemalt von Peter Paul Rubens 1625 George Villiers, 1. Herzog von Buckingham (* 28. August 1592 in Brooksby, Leicestershire; † 23. August 1628 in Portsmouth), war ein Mitglied des englischen Familienzweiges der Familie De Villiers sowie… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Buckingham Palais — Buckingham Palace Buckingham Palace et le Victoria Memorial. Il s’agit de la façade principale datant de 1850, par Edward Blore, redessinée en 1913 par Sir Aston Webb. Buckingham Palace est la résidence officielle londonienne de la … Wikipédia en Français
Buckingham Palace — is the official London residence of the British monarch. [Traditionally the British Royal Court is still resident at St. James s Palace. While foreign ambassadors assuming their new position are received by the British sovereign at Buckingham… … Wikipedia
George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham — (28 August 1592 ndash; 23 August 1628) (surname pronEng|ˈvɪlɚz ( villers )) was the favourite, claimed by some to be the lover of King James I of England, [The Western Heritage, Eighth Edition, chapter 13, page 420] and one of the most rewarded… … Wikipedia
George Villiers, I duque de Buckingham — George Villiers Duque de Buckingham Duque de Coventry Marqués de Buckingham Conde de Buckingham Vizconde Villiers Barón Whaddon Caballero de Cámara George Villiers, retratado por Rubens (Palacio Pitti de Floren … Wikipedia Español
George Villiers, 2. Herzog von Buckingham — (* 30. Januar 1628 in London; † 17. April 1687 in Kirkby Moorside, Yorkshire) war ein englischer Diplomat und Staatsmann ab Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts. Dieser entstammte dem englischen Familienzweig des ursprünglich französischen Geschlec … Deutsch Wikipedia
George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham — George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, KG, PC, FRS (10 January 1628 – 16 April 1687), was an English statesman and poet. Upbringing and education George was the son of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, favourite of James I and Charles I … Wikipedia
George Villiers (primer Duque de Buckingham) — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda George Villiers, retratado por Rubens (Palacio Pitti de Florencia). George Villiers, I Duque de Buckingham (Leicestershire, 28 de agosto de 1592 – … Wikipedia Español
George Villiers, 2. Duke of Buckingham — (* 30. Januar 1628 in London; † 17. April 1687 in Kirkbymoorside, Yorkshire) war ein englischer Diplomat und Staatsmann ab Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts. Dieser entstammte dem englischen Familienzweig de … Deutsch Wikipedia
George II Villiers de Buckingham — George Villiers (2e duc de Buckingham) Pour les articles homonymes, voir George Villiers. George Villiers (2e duc de Buckingham) Geor … Wikipédia en Français
George Villiers, 2e Duc De Buckingham — George Villiers (2e duc de Buckingham) Pour les articles homonymes, voir George Villiers. George Villiers (2e duc de Buckingham) Geor … Wikipédia en Français